Indian Streams Research Journal
Impact Factor:0.2105
A STUDY ON BODY IMAGE AND SELF-CONCEPT OF
SOCCER PLAYERS
ZAMIRULLAH KHAN , SARTAJ KHAN AND NASEEM AHMAD KHAN
Department of physical Health and Sports Education, A.M.U. Aligarh, U.P. (India)
Mumtaj P.G. College, Lucknow (India)
Department of physical Health and Sports Education, A.M.U. Aligarh, U.P. (India)
Mumtaj P.G. College, Lucknow (India)
Abstract:
Self-concept and Body image are one of the most important predictor of sports performance. The purpose of Present investigation was to examine the relationship and difference among State and All India Intervarsity soccer players on Self-concept and Body image. Present study was carried on 54 (27 State and 27 All India Intervarsity) male soccer players. The age of the subjects ranged between 17 to 21 years. Self-concept was measured by Deo (1998) questionnaire and Body image was measured by Singh (1991) questionnaire. Pearson Product moment correlation and t-test was used to analyze the data at 5% probability level. The results of the study revealed that there is insignificant relationship between Body image and Self-concept. Further it was concluded that insignificant difference exist between State and All India Intervarsity soccer players on Self-concept and Body image i.e. State and All India Intervarsity players have same level of Self-concept and Body image.
Self-concept and Body image are one of the most important predictor of sports performance. The purpose of Present investigation was to examine the relationship and difference among State and All India Intervarsity soccer players on Self-concept and Body image. Present study was carried on 54 (27 State and 27 All India Intervarsity) male soccer players. The age of the subjects ranged between 17 to 21 years. Self-concept was measured by Deo (1998) questionnaire and Body image was measured by Singh (1991) questionnaire. Pearson Product moment correlation and t-test was used to analyze the data at 5% probability level. The results of the study revealed that there is insignificant relationship between Body image and Self-concept. Further it was concluded that insignificant difference exist between State and All India Intervarsity soccer players on Self-concept and Body image i.e. State and All India Intervarsity players have same level of Self-concept and Body image.
KEY WORDS:
Body image, Self-concept, Self image, State players, All India Intervarsity players, Performance.
INTRODUCTION
Various scholars have conducted a study to determine the relationship between body image and psychological well being. They found a positive relationship between body image and psychological well being. People who like their appearance, health, fitness and sexual attractiveness also tend to feel happier and adjusted (Fallon, 1990; Friedman, 1991)
Body image is defined as the internal representation of one's outer appearance (Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999). It has complex psychological and physical characteristics, with continually changing physical feelings, emotions and aspects of self worth. It is sensitive to moods, emotions and water weight retention.
Many researchers have found that athletes report lower or similar body image concerns compared to nonathletes (Anderson, Zager, Hetzler, Nahikian- Nelms, & Syler, 1996; Fulkerson, Keel, Leon, & Dorr, 1999; Hausenblas & Mack, 1999). If athletes have a more positive body image compared to nonathletes then examining the mediating and moderating effects for this relationship may aid in the development of body image interventions for nonathletic. In contrast, if athletes report greater body image disturbance compared to nonathletic then investigating the socio cultural influences within the athlete's environment which may be perpetuating this problem must be addressed due to the serious adverse outcomes of body image concerns such as negative behaviors (e.g., excessive dieting and exercising, purging), attitudes (e.g., lower self-esteem, increased depression), and cognitions (e.g., distorted thought processes).
Davis (1992) investigated the role of the body image and personality factors among high performance athletes. The results of the study indicated that a measure of subjective body size was strongly related to weight and dietary concern whereas emotional reactivity was found to be an independent and significant predictor of performance.
Self describes how we see ourselves in the world. It can range from very high to very low and vary with different learning situations and play an important role in competitive sports performance (Franzoi & Herzog, 1986; Späth & Schlicht, 2000). In other words it is “the set of perception or reference points of that the subject has about himself; the set of characteristics , attributes, qualities and deficiencies, capacities and limits, values and relationship the subjects know to be descriptive of himself and which he perceives as data concerning his identity” (Hamachek, 1981). It is the set of knowledge and attitudes that we have about ourselves the perceptions that the individual assigns to him and characteristics or attributes that we use to describe ourselves. It is understood to be fundamentally a descriptive assignment and has a cognitive nuance.
It provides an athlete more confidence, assurance and assertiveness in his action with others and in the task he performs. Feeling of personal worth is usually associated with high self-concept (Reid and Hay 1979).
Singh and Debnath (1986) studied the relationship of competitive performance and self-concept of Indian Gymnasts. Results indicated that the higher performance group scored higher on self-concept as compared to the poor performance group. Numbers of studies have been conducted in the field of sports, many researchers founded a positive relationship between self-concept and sports performance (Bash, 1972; Richard, 1979; Riley, 1983)
Dambudzo, (2005) analyzed the relationship between self-concept and academic achievement among high school athletes. No relationship was found to exist between self-concept and academic achievement in the categories of above-average athletes, average athletes, and below-average athletes, as ranked by their coaches.
METHODOLOGY
For the purpose of the present study scholar went to the venues of the competition personally. Before visiting the venue of the competition the investigator brought in to the notice of the organizer regarding his purpose of visit. After the approval of the organizer the scholar went one day prior the start of the competition to meet and to take in to confidence the managers and coaches of the teams. Getting the consent of the authorities researcher met to the players independently and explained them the objective and significance of the study. The players were explained about the procedure of responding the questionnaires. A total of 72 players returned the answer sheets. After scrutinizing the returned answer sheets it was observed that 54 subjects (27 State and 27 All India Intervarsity male soccer players) have responded all the questions. Self-concept and Body image was measured by using Deo (1998) and Singh (1991) questionnaire.
RESULTS
Gathered data was tabulated and formatted as per the application of requirement of the statistics. The data was feeded in the computer and relationship as well as t-test was computed by applying SPSS-16 version. The results are presented in the tables form along with the probability values in the forthcoming paragraphs.
Table I represent the relationship between self-concept and body image of soccer players at different levels of competition. It is apparent from the table that obtained value of correlation coefficient [r.05 (52) =.007] is not as much of the tabulated value of correlation coefficient [r.05 (52) =.381] at 5% probability level. So it can be concluded that insignificant relationship exists between State and All India Intervarsity soccer players on self-concept and body image.
Tab. t.05 (52) =2.01
It is perceptible from the table II that State level players have higher mean value (M=118) in comparison to mean value (M=116.40) of All India intervarsity players on Body image. Further it is clear that obtained value of t-ratio [t.05 (52) = 0.79] is less than tabulated value of t-ratio [t.05 (52) = 2.01] at given degree of freedom i.e. insignificant difference exists between State and All India Intervarsity soccer players on Body image.
It may be observed from the given table III that State level players have higher mean value (M=103) than All India Intervarsity players (M=101) on Self-concept. Further it is observed that calculated value of t-ratio [t.05 (52) =0.65] is less than tabulated value t-ratio [t.05 (52) =2.01] at 5% probability level. It is also clear that insignificant difference exist between State and All India Intervarsity soccer players on Self-concept.
DISCUSSION
The present study was conducted on “Body image and Self-concept of State and All India Intervarsity players”. It was clear from the observed values of the table that insignificant relationship exists between body image and self-concept at different levels of soccer competition. In studies conducted to find out the relationship between self-concept and body image by Theron, Nel and Lubbe (1991) showed the relationship between the body image and self-concept but here researcher in the result of the study found no such correlation between body image and self-concept. This difference in the observation of the present research might be because of nature of the data.
Further it was concluded that State and All India Intervarsity soccer players have same level of body image and self-concept.
The outcomes of the study is also in the line of the study of Heather, Hausenblas and danielle (2001), Singh et al. (2010) and Bamman and Kanoor (2007) who also found in their study insignificance difference on self-concept on the sample of their study.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of analysis and interpretation of the data it was concluded that insignificant relationship exist between self-concept and body image. Further it was concluded that insignificant difference exist between self-concept and body image and All India Intervarsity players have higher self-concept and lower body image than State players.
REFERENCES
Anderson, S. L., Zager, K., Hetzler, R. K., Nahikian-Nelms, M., & Syler, G. (1996). Comparison of Eating Disorder Inventory 2 (EDI-2) scores of male bodybuilders to the male college student subgroup. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 6, 255–262.
Bamman, S. S., and Kanoor, N.G. (2007) A comparative study on self-concept of students from B.p.Ed. and B.Ed. courses. Osmania Journal of Physical Education, Osmania Univarsity, Hydrabad, India. P.80
Bash, M.R. (1972) A study of the effect of varsity basketball participation on the self-concept of the players of selected teams. Dissertation Abstracts International, 33, 148-183
Brownell, K. D. (1991). Dieting and the search for the perfect body: Where physiology andculture collide. Behavior Therapy, 22, 1–12.
Burns. R.B, Dobson C.B. (1983), Introductory Psychology, London: MTP Press
Dambudzo, Ignatius Isaac (2005). The relationship between learner self-concept and achievement in secondary schools in Zimbabwe, Dissertation, University of South Africa (South Africa): AAT 0818522
Darden, E.N. (1972) A comparison of body image and self-concept variables among various sports group. Dissertation Abstract International, 33, 603-604
Davis, C. (1992) Body image, dieting behavior and personality factors: A study of high performance female athletes. International Journal of sports Psychology, 23(3), 179-192
Davis, C., & Cowles, M. (1989). A comparison of weight and diet concerns and personality factors among female athletes and non-athletes. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 33, 527–536.
Dinucci, J.m. (1994) Analysis of body image between female college athletes and non athletes. Perception and motor skill, 78(1), 315-319
Fallon, A.E. (1990) Culture in the mirror; Sociocultural determinants of body image in t. F. Cash and T. Pruzinsky (Eds.) body development, deviance and change. New York: Gillford Press
Fox, K. R. (2000) The effects of exercise on self-perceptions and self-esteem. In S. J. H. Biddle, K. R. Fox, & S. H. Boutcher (Eds.), Physical activity, mental health, and psychological well-being. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Franzoi, S.L. & Herzog, M.E.(1986). The body-esteem scale: A convergent and discriminate validity study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50, 24-31
Freeman, Robert Earl (1991)An analysis of the relationship between self concept and academic achievement among selected high school athletes in Santa Rosa District schools; Dissertation The University of West Florida,; AAT 0664801
Friedman, H.S. (1991) The self-healing personality: Why some people achieve health and others succumb to illness. New York; Holt, Rinehart & Winston
Fulkerson, J. A., Keel, P. K., Leon, G. R., & Dorr, T. (1999). Eating-disordered behaviors and personality characteristics of high school athletes and nonathletes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 26, 73–79.
Hamachek, D.E. (1981). Encounter of ego. Mexico: Interamericana
Hausenblas, H. A., & Mack, D. E. (1999). Social physique anxiety and eating disorder correlates among female athletic and nonathletic populations. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22, 502–513.
Heather, A., Hausenblas and danielle symons downs (2001) Comparison of Body Image between Athletes and Nonathletes: A Meta-Analytic Review; Journal Of Applied Sport Psychology, 13: 323–339
Landers, D. M., & Arent, S. M. (2001) Physical activity and mental health. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 740–765). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Rao, V. V. P., & Overman, S. J. (1986). Psychological well-being and body image: A comparison of black women athletes and nonathletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 9, 79–91.
Richerd, A.M., & Mechael, J.A. (1979) Academic, Psycho-social and motor characteristics of participants and non-participants in children's sports. Research Quarterly, 50(2), 230-240
Riley, J.H. (1983) The relationship between physical estimation, physical performance and self-concept for 5th grade boys and girls. . Dissertation Abstracts International, 44(2), 428A
Singh, R., et al. (2010) Study the self-concept 0f boys and girls of senior secondary schools. Journal of Health and Fitness 2(2): 6-11
Singh,G.& Debnath, K. (1986) A study of competitive performance and self-concept of Indian male gymnasts. SNIPES Journal.
Späth, U. & Schlicht, W. (2000). Sportliche Aktivität und Selbst- und Körperkonzept in der Phase der Pubeszenz. Psychologie und Sport, 2, 51-65.
Staats, A.W. (1996). Behavior and personality. New York: Springer.
Theron, W.h., Nel, E.M. & Lubbe, A.J. (1991) Relationship between body image and self-concept. Perceptual and Motor Skills 73(3), 979-983
Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty. Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Body image, Self-concept, Self image, State players, All India Intervarsity players, Performance.
INTRODUCTION
Various scholars have conducted a study to determine the relationship between body image and psychological well being. They found a positive relationship between body image and psychological well being. People who like their appearance, health, fitness and sexual attractiveness also tend to feel happier and adjusted (Fallon, 1990; Friedman, 1991)
Body image is defined as the internal representation of one's outer appearance (Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, & Tantleff-Dunn, 1999). It has complex psychological and physical characteristics, with continually changing physical feelings, emotions and aspects of self worth. It is sensitive to moods, emotions and water weight retention.
Many researchers have found that athletes report lower or similar body image concerns compared to nonathletes (Anderson, Zager, Hetzler, Nahikian- Nelms, & Syler, 1996; Fulkerson, Keel, Leon, & Dorr, 1999; Hausenblas & Mack, 1999). If athletes have a more positive body image compared to nonathletes then examining the mediating and moderating effects for this relationship may aid in the development of body image interventions for nonathletic. In contrast, if athletes report greater body image disturbance compared to nonathletic then investigating the socio cultural influences within the athlete's environment which may be perpetuating this problem must be addressed due to the serious adverse outcomes of body image concerns such as negative behaviors (e.g., excessive dieting and exercising, purging), attitudes (e.g., lower self-esteem, increased depression), and cognitions (e.g., distorted thought processes).
Davis (1992) investigated the role of the body image and personality factors among high performance athletes. The results of the study indicated that a measure of subjective body size was strongly related to weight and dietary concern whereas emotional reactivity was found to be an independent and significant predictor of performance.
Self describes how we see ourselves in the world. It can range from very high to very low and vary with different learning situations and play an important role in competitive sports performance (Franzoi & Herzog, 1986; Späth & Schlicht, 2000). In other words it is “the set of perception or reference points of that the subject has about himself; the set of characteristics , attributes, qualities and deficiencies, capacities and limits, values and relationship the subjects know to be descriptive of himself and which he perceives as data concerning his identity” (Hamachek, 1981). It is the set of knowledge and attitudes that we have about ourselves the perceptions that the individual assigns to him and characteristics or attributes that we use to describe ourselves. It is understood to be fundamentally a descriptive assignment and has a cognitive nuance.
It provides an athlete more confidence, assurance and assertiveness in his action with others and in the task he performs. Feeling of personal worth is usually associated with high self-concept (Reid and Hay 1979).
Singh and Debnath (1986) studied the relationship of competitive performance and self-concept of Indian Gymnasts. Results indicated that the higher performance group scored higher on self-concept as compared to the poor performance group. Numbers of studies have been conducted in the field of sports, many researchers founded a positive relationship between self-concept and sports performance (Bash, 1972; Richard, 1979; Riley, 1983)
Dambudzo, (2005) analyzed the relationship between self-concept and academic achievement among high school athletes. No relationship was found to exist between self-concept and academic achievement in the categories of above-average athletes, average athletes, and below-average athletes, as ranked by their coaches.
METHODOLOGY
For the purpose of the present study scholar went to the venues of the competition personally. Before visiting the venue of the competition the investigator brought in to the notice of the organizer regarding his purpose of visit. After the approval of the organizer the scholar went one day prior the start of the competition to meet and to take in to confidence the managers and coaches of the teams. Getting the consent of the authorities researcher met to the players independently and explained them the objective and significance of the study. The players were explained about the procedure of responding the questionnaires. A total of 72 players returned the answer sheets. After scrutinizing the returned answer sheets it was observed that 54 subjects (27 State and 27 All India Intervarsity male soccer players) have responded all the questions. Self-concept and Body image was measured by using Deo (1998) and Singh (1991) questionnaire.
RESULTS
Gathered data was tabulated and formatted as per the application of requirement of the statistics. The data was feeded in the computer and relationship as well as t-test was computed by applying SPSS-16 version. The results are presented in the tables form along with the probability values in the forthcoming paragraphs.
Table I represent the relationship between self-concept and body image of soccer players at different levels of competition. It is apparent from the table that obtained value of correlation coefficient [r.05 (52) =.007] is not as much of the tabulated value of correlation coefficient [r.05 (52) =.381] at 5% probability level. So it can be concluded that insignificant relationship exists between State and All India Intervarsity soccer players on self-concept and body image.
Tab. t.05 (52) =2.01
It is perceptible from the table II that State level players have higher mean value (M=118) in comparison to mean value (M=116.40) of All India intervarsity players on Body image. Further it is clear that obtained value of t-ratio [t.05 (52) = 0.79] is less than tabulated value of t-ratio [t.05 (52) = 2.01] at given degree of freedom i.e. insignificant difference exists between State and All India Intervarsity soccer players on Body image.
It may be observed from the given table III that State level players have higher mean value (M=103) than All India Intervarsity players (M=101) on Self-concept. Further it is observed that calculated value of t-ratio [t.05 (52) =0.65] is less than tabulated value t-ratio [t.05 (52) =2.01] at 5% probability level. It is also clear that insignificant difference exist between State and All India Intervarsity soccer players on Self-concept.
DISCUSSION
The present study was conducted on “Body image and Self-concept of State and All India Intervarsity players”. It was clear from the observed values of the table that insignificant relationship exists between body image and self-concept at different levels of soccer competition. In studies conducted to find out the relationship between self-concept and body image by Theron, Nel and Lubbe (1991) showed the relationship between the body image and self-concept but here researcher in the result of the study found no such correlation between body image and self-concept. This difference in the observation of the present research might be because of nature of the data.
Further it was concluded that State and All India Intervarsity soccer players have same level of body image and self-concept.
The outcomes of the study is also in the line of the study of Heather, Hausenblas and danielle (2001), Singh et al. (2010) and Bamman and Kanoor (2007) who also found in their study insignificance difference on self-concept on the sample of their study.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of analysis and interpretation of the data it was concluded that insignificant relationship exist between self-concept and body image. Further it was concluded that insignificant difference exist between self-concept and body image and All India Intervarsity players have higher self-concept and lower body image than State players.
REFERENCES
Anderson, S. L., Zager, K., Hetzler, R. K., Nahikian-Nelms, M., & Syler, G. (1996). Comparison of Eating Disorder Inventory 2 (EDI-2) scores of male bodybuilders to the male college student subgroup. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 6, 255–262.
Bamman, S. S., and Kanoor, N.G. (2007) A comparative study on self-concept of students from B.p.Ed. and B.Ed. courses. Osmania Journal of Physical Education, Osmania Univarsity, Hydrabad, India. P.80
Bash, M.R. (1972) A study of the effect of varsity basketball participation on the self-concept of the players of selected teams. Dissertation Abstracts International, 33, 148-183
Brownell, K. D. (1991). Dieting and the search for the perfect body: Where physiology andculture collide. Behavior Therapy, 22, 1–12.
Burns. R.B, Dobson C.B. (1983), Introductory Psychology, London: MTP Press
Dambudzo, Ignatius Isaac (2005). The relationship between learner self-concept and achievement in secondary schools in Zimbabwe, Dissertation, University of South Africa (South Africa): AAT 0818522
Darden, E.N. (1972) A comparison of body image and self-concept variables among various sports group. Dissertation Abstract International, 33, 603-604
Davis, C. (1992) Body image, dieting behavior and personality factors: A study of high performance female athletes. International Journal of sports Psychology, 23(3), 179-192
Davis, C., & Cowles, M. (1989). A comparison of weight and diet concerns and personality factors among female athletes and non-athletes. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 33, 527–536.
Dinucci, J.m. (1994) Analysis of body image between female college athletes and non athletes. Perception and motor skill, 78(1), 315-319
Fallon, A.E. (1990) Culture in the mirror; Sociocultural determinants of body image in t. F. Cash and T. Pruzinsky (Eds.) body development, deviance and change. New York: Gillford Press
Fox, K. R. (2000) The effects of exercise on self-perceptions and self-esteem. In S. J. H. Biddle, K. R. Fox, & S. H. Boutcher (Eds.), Physical activity, mental health, and psychological well-being. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Franzoi, S.L. & Herzog, M.E.(1986). The body-esteem scale: A convergent and discriminate validity study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50, 24-31
Freeman, Robert Earl (1991)An analysis of the relationship between self concept and academic achievement among selected high school athletes in Santa Rosa District schools; Dissertation The University of West Florida,; AAT 0664801
Friedman, H.S. (1991) The self-healing personality: Why some people achieve health and others succumb to illness. New York; Holt, Rinehart & Winston
Fulkerson, J. A., Keel, P. K., Leon, G. R., & Dorr, T. (1999). Eating-disordered behaviors and personality characteristics of high school athletes and nonathletes. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 26, 73–79.
Hamachek, D.E. (1981). Encounter of ego. Mexico: Interamericana
Hausenblas, H. A., & Mack, D. E. (1999). Social physique anxiety and eating disorder correlates among female athletic and nonathletic populations. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22, 502–513.
Heather, A., Hausenblas and danielle symons downs (2001) Comparison of Body Image between Athletes and Nonathletes: A Meta-Analytic Review; Journal Of Applied Sport Psychology, 13: 323–339
Landers, D. M., & Arent, S. M. (2001) Physical activity and mental health. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 740–765). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Rao, V. V. P., & Overman, S. J. (1986). Psychological well-being and body image: A comparison of black women athletes and nonathletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 9, 79–91.
Richerd, A.M., & Mechael, J.A. (1979) Academic, Psycho-social and motor characteristics of participants and non-participants in children's sports. Research Quarterly, 50(2), 230-240
Riley, J.H. (1983) The relationship between physical estimation, physical performance and self-concept for 5th grade boys and girls. . Dissertation Abstracts International, 44(2), 428A
Singh, R., et al. (2010) Study the self-concept 0f boys and girls of senior secondary schools. Journal of Health and Fitness 2(2): 6-11
Singh,G.& Debnath, K. (1986) A study of competitive performance and self-concept of Indian male gymnasts. SNIPES Journal.
Späth, U. & Schlicht, W. (2000). Sportliche Aktivität und Selbst- und Körperkonzept in der Phase der Pubeszenz. Psychologie und Sport, 2, 51-65.
Staats, A.W. (1996). Behavior and personality. New York: Springer.
Theron, W.h., Nel, E.M. & Lubbe, A.J. (1991) Relationship between body image and self-concept. Perceptual and Motor Skills 73(3), 979-983
Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty. Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
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